medial aspect of femoral condyle: medial collateral ligament.head of fibula: lateral collateral ligament and biceps femoris.lateral tibial plateau: lateral capsule.tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture: tibial tuberosity/patellar tendon.see also: Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome and Jumper's knee.inferior pole of patella: patellar tendon.posterior tibial plateau/ intercondylar area: posterior cruciate ligament.intercondylar area: anterior cruciate ligament.body and inferior ramus of pubic bone: thigh adductors and gracilis.ischial tuberosity avulsion: hamstring muscles.anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) avulsion: straight head of rectus femoris.anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion: tensor fascia lata and sartorius.iliac crest avulsion: anterior abdominal wall muscles.base of middle phalanx: volar plate avulsion injury.olecranon process: insertion of triceps.biceps tubercle of the radius: insertion long head of biceps.medial epicondyle: apophyseal avulsion in children.lesser tuberosity: insertion of subscapularis (rare).greater tuberosity: insertion of rotator cuff.Subacute and chronic avulsion injuries can be due to delayed presentation of an acute injury or secondary to repetitive use / overuse injuries. In acute avulsion fractures, there is usually a clear preceding traumatic incident. PathologyĪvulsion fractures can be classified as acute, subacute or chronic. EpidemiologyĪvulsion injuries are common among those who participate in sports, in particular adolescents. Being familiar with them is important as subacute/chronic injuries can appear aggressive. There are numerous sites at which these occur. Avulsion fractures are commonly distracted due to the high tensile forces involved. Avulsion injuries or fractures occur where the joint capsule, ligament, tendon or muscle attachment site is pulled off from the bone, usually taking a fragment of cortical bone.
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